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SPICE Simulation; CAD Tools   

The currents for the active region and saturated region are implemented in SPICE as the following:

[1]. Normal Active Region:

I_C = Is (e^qV_BE^/kT + 1/ß_R) + [V_BE - (1 + 1/ß_R)V_BC] GMIN

I_B = Is [1/ß_F(e^qV_BE^/kT - 1) - 1/ß_R] + (V_BE/ß_F + V_BC/ß_R) GMIN

[2]. Saturated Region:

I_C = Is [(e^qV_BE^/kT - e^qV_BC^/kT) - 1/ß_R(e^qV_BC^/kT - 1)] + [V_BE - (1 + 1/ß_R)V_BC] GMIN

I_B = Is [1/ß_F(e^qV_BE^/kT - 1) + 1/ß_R(e^qV_BC^/kT -1)] + (V_BE/ß_F + V_BC/ß_R) GMIN

Where:

Is --- Saturation current, the default value is 10^-16A.

ß_F --- Ideal maxmum forword current gain, the default value is 100.

ß_R --- Ideal maxmum reverse current gain, the default value is 1.

GMIN --- a samll conductance, the default value is 10^-12 mho.